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1.2 ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

We can track the roots of clouds computing by observing the advancement of several technologies, especially in hardware (virtualization, multi-core chips), Internet technologies (Web services, service-oriented architectures, Web 2.0), distributed computing (clusters, grids), and systems management (autonomic computing, data center automation). 

Below Figure shows the convergence of technology fields that significantly advanced and contributed to the advent of cloud computing.



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We present a closer look at the technologies that form the base of cloud computing, with the aim of providing a clearer picture of the cloud ecosystem as a whole.

1.2.1 From Mainframes to Clouds
1.2.2 SOA, Web Services, Web 2.0, and Mashups
1.2.3 Grid Computing
1.2.4 Utility Computing
1.2.5 Hardware Virtualization
1.2.6 Virtual Appliances and the Open Virtualization Format
1.2.7 Autonomic Computing



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Cloud computing has its roots in several technologies and developments, including virtualization, grid computing, utility computing, and the internet. Here are some key milestones that led to the emergence of cloud computing:

Virtualization: Virtualization technology, which allows multiple operating systems to run on a single physical machine, was developed in the 1960s. Virtualization enables greater utilization of computing resources and easier management of IT infrastructure.

Grid computing: In the 1990s, grid computing emerged as a way to share computing resources across organizations and geographic locations. Grid computing used a network of distributed computers to perform complex computations and solve problems that would have been impossible or impractical for a single computer.

Utility computing: Utility computing, which allows users to pay for computing resources on a metered basis, similar to how they pay for electricity or water, was introduced in the early 2000s. Utility computing made it easier for businesses to scale up or down their computing resources based on their needs, without the need to invest in expensive hardware.

Web 2.0: The rise of Web 2.0 technologies, such as social networking, blogging, and online collaboration, created a demand for scalable, on-demand computing resources that could support these applications.

Amazon Web Services (AWS): In 2006, Amazon launched AWS, a cloud computing platform that provided scalable computing resources to businesses and developers. AWS was a game-changer in the cloud computing industry, making it easier and more affordable for businesses to access computing resources on-demand.

Google App Engine: In 2008, Google launched App Engine, a platform for building and hosting web applications in the cloud. App Engine was one of the first Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) offerings, which enabled developers to focus on building applications without having to worry about managing infrastructure.

Microsoft Azure: In 2010, Microsoft launched Azure, a cloud computing platform that provided computing, storage, and networking services to businesses. Azure quickly became one of the leading cloud computing platforms, competing with AWS for market share.

Today, cloud computing has become an essential part of the IT landscape, with businesses of all sizes using cloud services for everything from data storage to application development to artificial intelligence.
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